COMING SOON!
While smoking cannabis remains the most common way to consume cannabis, vaporizationproducts are very popular. This is because they are very discreet (no skunky smoke), easy touse, and are easier to titrate to the correct dose. We make and sell vape products under ourJersey Clouds …
The Wall Street Journal published a piece this week about cannabis and driving. While wellmeaning, the article provides data from old studies, along with some commentary by cherrypicked “experts.” The bottom line from the article is that more studies need to be done on thissubject. …
Products claiming to contain delta-9 THC are being sold at gas stations and convenience stores.
Are delta-9 claiming products real weed? The answer is no. The only natural delta-9 THC is
found in cannabis bred to produce THCA, which is what most people think of as marijuana. Not
all cannabis cultivars produce THC: hemp is cannabis bred to produce CBD and fiber. Synthetic
delta-9 can be made from hemp, as I’ll explain below.
Cannabis flower sold at dispensaries as medical and adult use marijuana contain THCA, which is
biosynthesized by the plant from CBG. THCA is carboxylated tetrahydrocannabinol, which
means it is the acidic derivative of delta-9 THC. THCA is not psychoactive and must have the
carboxyl group removed. This is done by heating, and the carboxyl group pops off as CO 2 . We
call this decarboxylation. The heat of smoking the flower instantly converts THCA to delta-9
THC, which is then inhaled as vapor. In the same way, THCA containing oil extracted from
cannabis is heated to produce delta-9 THC oil. This is what is used, in the regulated market at
least, to make vape pens and edible products.
Thus, the only natural delta-9 THC is produced by cannabis stains that biosynthesize THCA.
Synthetic delta-9 is made from the extract of hemp. Hemp contains a good quantity of
cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids, and the CBD can be converted to delta-9. By
treatment with a very strong acid and heat, the CBD cyclizes to delta-9. This is an interesting
transformation, so let’s go a little deeper.
CBD, either pure isolate or crude oil is mixed and heated with an acid similar to sulfuric acid,
which causes the cannabidiol to ring close to form the skeleton of delta-9 THC. Of course, if the
starting material is not pure (i.e. crude oil), then the impurities also react to form new
impurities. Even when using pure CBD isolate, this harsh treatment produces impurities. As a
synthetic chemist, I can personally attest that chemical reactions almost never produce only the
one desired product: side reactions always occur, especially when the reaction conditions are
not carefully controlled. Reaction streams must be “cleaned up” of impurities, especially if the
material you are making is the final product. Black market producers do not carefully control
their reaction conditions, and don’t “clean up” their product. It is an impure product, and it may
in fact contain little delta-9 THC. That’s because of the delta-8 issue.
When CBD is treated with acid and heat, the initial product formed is indeed delta-9 THC.
However, the delta-9 isomer is not stable under the reaction conditions, and converts to the
more stable delta-8 isomer. Chemists would call delta-9 the kinetic product, while delta-8 is the
thermodynamic product. Thus, to produce pure delta-9, one would have to trap and remove
each and every molecule from the reaction stream before it has time to convert to delta-8.
This is obviously impossible to do, so formation of delta-8 is unavoidable unless extremely
sophisticated chemical and engineering controls are put in place to minimize delta-8 formation.
The simple fact is that nature prefers that the cannabinoid skeleton have the delta-8 structure.
Products from the unregulated market that claim to be delta-9 weed are untested and full of
impurities. The major cannabinoid present is likely to be delta-8 THC, plus a bunch of other
minor isomers. Always buy from the regulated market, where the products are produced under
state supervision, and are tested not only for chemical purity, but also for toxins like heavy
metals and pesticides.
Introduction Cannabis Sativa, commonly known as marijuana or hemp, is one of the oldest cultivated plants in human history. Its uses range from medicinal and recreational to industrial. Understanding its origins, history, and applications provides insight into its controversial yet significant role in society. Origin …
Well, the Wall Street Journal published another hit piece on Cannabis. Written by Allysia Finleyin the Opinion section on Jan 22 2024, this article is your typical uninformed biased reporting bya non-scientist with an agenda. Allow me to quote from the article, and shred Ms. …
Many folks use medical cannabis to help with their colitis or inflammatory bowel disease. Colitis
is a bowel condition that leads to cramping, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. I had a thought
about the most effective way to deliver the cannabinoids directly to the colon, without causing
unwanted effects. It is known that cannabinoids have very poor oral bioavailability, and a
substantial portion of an oral dose ends up in the stool. A bioavailability primer is provided
below.
We can exploit the poor oral bioavailability by orally consuming cannabinoids under conditions
that minimize the absorption from the gut, thus allowing the medicine to have high
concentrations in the colon before excretion. By avoiding food (which is known to increase
absorption, see the primer) we can maximize the amount of cannabinoids in the colon.
Thus, I propose the following for those who use cannabis medicinally for bowel disorders.
Consume cannabis extract on an empty stomach and wait at least an hour before eating
anything else. Since we don’t want any food to be involved in the dosing, it is best to take the
cannabis extract in a matrix that has no fats, like the ubiquitous gummies, which are made of
gelatin and sugar). Avoid the chocolate bar or a brownie, since these products are high in fat,
and increase absorption.
So, if you’re a medical marihuana patient with colitis, take a suitable dose of gummies (start
low, then increase until relief is obtained or unwanted psychoactive effects increase), and wash
them down with a good amount of water. If my hypothesis is correct, this should lead to
symptom relief without undue intoxication. Worth a try if you have a Medical Card.
Bioavailability is very simple to define and understand. Chemists and biologists abbreviate
bioavailability with the symbol F which is itself an abbreviation of fraction. This is simply
because bioavailability (F) is the fraction of material that gets absorbed into the systemic
circulation divided by the amount of material administered. The material can be anything, from
sugary drinks and protein shakes to solid foods and medicines. We can discuss, for example, the
F of a common red beet. Beets are good food, with many nutrients, but there are things in a
beet that don’t get absorbed (such as fiber and color) which pass through the body. The F of a
beet is high, but less than one.
Let’s now consider your favorite sugary drink. The beverage is almost all water and sugar, both
of which are immediately and completely absorbed. The F of a sugar/water drink is nearly 1,
about as high as one can achieve.
Now to alcohol, which has a more complicated route through the body. It, like water, is
completely absorbed, so it has an F of one. But there are many different types of drinkable
alcohol, from (relatively) weak beer to > 40% alcohol distilled spirits. All alcoholic beverages
have an F very close to one, but they will be metabolized differently depending on how one
consumes them. Sipping a distilled spirit will allow for absorption by the tissues in the mouth
and esophagus, and will “go straight to your head,” since the absorption goes directly into the bloodstream without the liver metabolizing it. Chugging a beer with have the same
psychological effect, but slower, and less intense. Your liver begins the detoxification
immediately, thus weakening the effect somewhat. This is known as first pass metabolism, and
all ingested things that make it to the stomach are subject to it. So, while F is ultimately the
same by doing a shot or sipping a beer, the amount of alcohol in your bloodstream depends on
liver metabolism.
Metabolism is one of the four concerns for the medicinal chemist. The gauntlet a medication
needs to survive clinical testing (aside for being efficacious) is called ADME, short for
Absorption, Distribution (where the drug goes after consumption), Metabolism and Excretion.
I digressed from F to more complex topics. That’s how we learn. Back to bioavailability.
The examples above (alcohol or sugar in water) are examples of compounds with very high F.
Both materials are very water soluble, thus easy to pass though the gut. Molecules that are not
water soluble either pass though the gut via active transport (cholesterol for example), or are
slowly absorbed as lipids in the intestine.
Cannabinoids have a very low F. Swallow some CBD or THC concentrate on an empty stomach,
and chances are that the medications will pass right through you with no effect. Now, have a
high fat meal (Burgers or Pizza), and the situation is totally different. The cannabinoids are
absorbed with the lipids in the food. This is known as the food effect, and it is an important
element to consider when taking cannabinoid edibles.
The effect of food is opposite in the case of alcohol and cannabinoids. An empty stomach will
get you drunk quicker than after-dinner drinks. A full stomach blunts and slows the absorption
of alcohol, but has the opposite effect on cannabinoids, which get absorbed with your meal.
The Wall Street Journal had a front page hit piece on cannabis and adolescent psychosis in lastThursday’s edition. The article is completely biased, based on anecdotes from doctors who havean agenda, yet devoid of data except to reference an old 2019 study that has been …
Born on November 5, 1930, in Sofia, Bulgaria, Raphael Mechoulam is renowned as the “fatherof cannabis research.” His pioneering work in the study of the biochemistry and pharmacologyof cannabinoids, the active compounds found in the cannabis plant, has significantly shaped thetrajectory of modern medical and …
The relationship between cannabis and cancer is an area of ongoing research and discussion
within the medical community. There are studies that suggest both potential therapeutic
benefits and risks associated with cannabis use in relation to cancer. Here is a summary of some
of the findings:
It is important to recognize that cannabis contains multiple active compounds, which can have
different, and sometimes opposing, effects. The variability in cannabis strains, dosages,
consumption methods, and individual patient responses makes it challenging to draw broad
conclusions about its impact on cancer.
Moreover, much of the research has been conducted in vitro (in petri dishes) or in vivo (in
animals), and these findings may not always translate directly to humans. High-quality clinical
trials in humans are needed to better understand the potential risks and benefits of cannabis in
the context of cancer.
The current data on cannabis and cancer indicate that while there may be benefits in terms of
symptom management and potential anti-cancer properties, there is also a need for caution due to the complex effects cannabinoids can have on the body. Medical professionals and patients must weigh the potential benefits against the risks, considering the individual’s circumstances and the current state of evidence.
As research evolves, we will likely gain a clearer picture of the role cannabis may play in cancer
treatment and symptom management. For now, cannabis should not be considered a
substitute for conventional cancer treatment, and any use of cannabis by cancer patients
should be discussed with their healthcare provider.
References:
We are a cannabis company, and most of our posts deal with cannabis science, politics, and theretail environment. However, sometimes a related topic needs exploring. Here we will discussrecent findings from a clinical trial of LSD on patients suffering from generalized anxiety. Thispost won’t delve …
Cannabis is an effective treatment for anxiety, documented in anecdotal evidence accumulatedthough the years. Now, controlled clinical studies are finally being conducted on the effects ofcannabis on generalized anxiety disorder. The article titled “UK Medical Cannabis Registry: An Analysis of Clinical Outcomes of MedicinalCannabis Therapy …
The article titled “Daily diary study of associations between alcohol, cannabis, co-use and sleep
quality in individuals with intentions to use cannabis to cope with anxiety” by Sharon R.
Sznitman et al., published November 20 2023 in Drug and Alcohol Review
https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13778 , presents an insightful analysis of the impact of cannabis
and alcohol use, both individually and in combination, on sleep quality. The study is particularly
focused on individuals using cannabis to cope with anxiety.
Objective: The study aimed to examine the relationships between cannabis and alcohol use
(both separately and in combination) and self-reported sleep quality in individuals using
cannabis to alleviate anxiety.
Methodology:
Findings:
Moderation Effects:
Conclusion:
This study is significant in understanding the complex interplay between cannabis, alcohol use,
and sleep, especially among individuals with anxiety. It adds to the growing body of research on
the potential therapeutic uses of cannabis, particularly for sleep enhancement in the context of
anxiety.
The study acknowledges several limitations, including its reliance on self-reported data, which
might be subject to bias. Additionally, the specific doses and combinations of cannabis used
were not tracked, limiting the understanding of how different cannabis profiles affect sleep.
In summary, the research suggests that cannabis use, particularly in the absence of alcohol, is
associated with perceived improvements in sleep quality among individuals with anxiety. This
could have implications for the therapeutic use of cannabis in managing sleep disturbances,
especially in anxiety disorders.
Distillation of cannabis oil is a process used to purify and concentrate compounds like CBD andTHC from the cannabis plant. Jersey Extraction Lab does not distill our THC oil, as we use ournovel patented extraction procedure that retains vital terpenes and flavonoids. We believedistilling cannabis …
Today we are going to dismantle, point by point, why CO 2 is a stupid choice for cannabinoidextraction. It appears that Canopy Growth, a large cannabis company headquartered in Canada, is trying tocorner the market on extraction technologies. They have filed a broad patent infringement …
Rick Simpson oil (RSO) was developed by, surprise, Rick Simpson. Rick developed skin cancer in
2004, and having read about the healing powers of topical cannabinoids, decided to make his
own topical oil to apply to his skin lesions. The cancer disappeared, and Rick became an
advocate for cannabis as medicine. He became mildly famous for this, and his work is
immortalized in the name of his oil.
RSO can be considered one of the earliest home-grown cannabis extraction methods. It is very
simple: soak cannabis in a solvent, filter, evaporate, then decarb. (Actually, all extraction
methods follow this protocol, except for resin press methods). Rick chose isopropanol as his
solvent, which behaves like ethanol in dissolving the trichomes releasing the contained
cannabinoids. (All the cannabinoids in the plant are on the plant, not inside). Basically, what he
did was to take a mass of ground plant material, soaked it for several minutes in isopropanol,
then filtered the biomass away. In boiling off the resulting filtrate, the cannabinoids are
concentrated and decarboxylated. Now while ground-breaking at the time, this method can be
very dangerous. Boiling off isopropanol generates copious amounts of isopropanol vapor. This
is an extreme fire hazard, and must be done away from an ignition source such as flames or
sparks.
Butane hash oil (BHO) is made in a similar fashion, except the decarboxylation is usually
skipped. This gives a more solid extract (since THCA is a solid), allowing for the production of
shatter and the like. Unfortunately, butane vapors are explosive when mixed with air. That
makes this method extremely dangerous. The house fires caused by making home-made BHO
are notorious, and changed the way localities regulate cannabis extraction.
Now that extracts made by professionals are available, there is no reason to make your own
RSO. Professional extractors must follow strict fire codes, and for the most part, know what
they are doing, and do it safely.
Our patented ethanol process produces a concentrate that is very similar to RSO. All the
medicinally important compounds are retained, such as flavonoids and terpenes. Our pure
extract can be used just like RSO, with similar effects. Since we do not distill our extract, we lose
none of the medicinal properties of the oil.
Our line of Jersey Clouds products will feature the full spectrum oil we produce, in products
ranging from vape pens, to tinctures and edibles. We also plan on producing products for
topical use, incorporating CBD extract for its anti-inflammatory effects.
Let us do your extraction for you. Pick up one of our superb Jersey Clouds products today.
We sell tinctures, as do most cannabis processors. Many people have never encountered atincture before, so let’s discuss the history of the tincture, and see how the word does notreally apply to cannabinoid formulations in vegetable oils. Tinctures have a rather long history in medicine. …
Vaping has steadily risen in popularity as an alternative method for consuming cannabis oil. Asthe market continues to innovate, consumers find themselves weighing the merits of disposable vape devices against the traditional battery and cartridge systems. While both have their unique benefits, disposable cannabis oil …
Vaping has become a popular method for consuming cannabis oil due to its convenience,
discretion, and rapid onset of effects. This article explores the fascinating world of vaping
cannabis oil, delving into the process, devices and benefits associated with this consumption
method. Jersey Extraction Lab is at the forefront of the vaping world, producing fine products
for the New Jersey market.
1.1 What is Cannabis Oil?
Cannabis oil, also known as THC oil, CBD oil, or simply “vape oil,” is an extract derived from the
cannabis plant. It contains cannabinoids, such as THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD
(cannabidiol), along with various terpenes and other compounds that contribute to the unique
effects and flavors of different strains. Our unique patented extraction method provides the
best oil for vaping, as we naturally retain all of the terpenes in the plant. We will focus on THC
oils, since very little CBD is vaped.
1.2 Types of Cannabis Oil
Cannabis oil suitable for vaping is obtained via several extraction methods. CO 2 extraction uses
supercritical carbon dioxide to produce a raw extract that must be further refined to remove
unwanted plant waxes. Ethanol extraction uses, as one might guess, absolute ethanol to obtain
a raw extract. Again, this extract must be further refined. In both the CO 2 and ethanol methods,
the extract is then distilled. This produces distillate, which is what most vape devices use. Since
the oil is usually stripped of everything but THC by the extensive processing, terpenes and other
additives are usually introduced to modify the oil for use.
Our oil is produced under US patent 11040295, which does not require refinement or
distillation. Thus, we retain all the terpenes and other beneficial compounds in the plant.
See our post “What We Do” for more details.
2.1 How Vaping Works
Vaping involves heating the cannabis oil to a temperature at which it vaporizes, but without
reaching the point of combustion. This vapor is then inhaled through a device, allowing for
rapid absorption into the bloodstream through the lungs.
2.2 Vaping Devices
The most popular vaping device is the vape pen. With this device one buys a rechargeable
battery and uses disposable vape carts for use. The batteries come in various sizes and shapes (including looking like a pen), with the more advanced models allowing the users to control the
voltage for vaporization heating.
Gaining popularity is the disposable vape pen. These small devices contain both the oil and
battery, and as the name implies, you just throw them away when done. This saves the hassle
of having to have separate batteries and a charging cable (although you can recharge the
disposable if the battery runs low). Disposables are a great option for beginners, since the
investment is minimal, and for folks looking for a small discreet device.
We make both disposables and vape carts.
3.1 Quick Onset
Vaping provides one of the fastest onset times among cannabis consumption methods. Users
typically feel the effects within minutes, making it ideal for those seeking immediate relief from
symptoms.
3.2 Precise Dosage
Vaping devices often allow users to control the dosage more accurately, making it easier to find
the right balance between symptom relief and intoxication. If intoxication is desired, one can
easily control the high by dosage titration.
3.3 Discreetness
Vapor produced by vaping is less pungent than smoke, making it a discreet option for those
who want to consume cannabis without drawing attention. In fact, if desired, we can make a
virtually odorless vapor for discreet use.
3.4 Flavor Profiles
Cannabis oil’s terpenes, which contribute to its flavor and aroma, are more pronounced in
vaping compared to other consumption methods. This can enhance the overall experience for
users.
4.1 Choose Reputable Products
Buy cannabis oil products from reputable dispensaries or manufacturers that provide lab-tested
products with detailed cannabinoid and terpene profiles.
Our products are tested several times. The initial cannabis we use must be tested at a state
approved third-party lab, we continually analyze in process samples, and then our products are
again tested at a state approved third party lab. We fill our vape devices into the highest quality
carts and disposables, compliant with NJ regulations.
4.2 Start Low and Go Slow
Especially for beginners, it’s advisable to start with a low dose and gradually increase it as
needed to minimize the risk of overconsumption.
4.3 Be Mindful of Temperature
Different cannabinoids and terpenes vaporize at different temperatures, which can affect the
overall experience. Experiment with temperature settings to find your preferred range.
Conclusion
Vaping cannabis oil is a popular and effective way to consume cannabinoids, offering quick
relief and precise dosing. However, it’s essential to approach vaping with knowledge and
responsibility, ensuring product quality and adhering to safe consumption practices. Look for
the JerseyClouds brand when shopping for the highest quality vape experience.
When the term “Cannabis Use Disorder” (CUD) is mentioned, it evokes strong reactions fromvarious quarters. While it is crucial to recognize and address potential negative effects of anysubstance (including FDA approved drugs), the labeling of cannabis use as a “disorder” in manycases is over-simplified and …
The debate around the safety of alcohol versus cannabis has been contentious for years. Bothsubstances have psychoactive effects, and both are enjoyed recreationally by millions.However, when delving into the science and statistics, stark differences emerge. Let’s breakdown these differences and address the evident hypocrisy surrounding …
Terpenes, often associated with the unique aromas and flavors of cannabis, have taken center
stage in discussions about the plant’s therapeutic properties. But these fascinating compounds
aren’t just limited to cannabis; they’re abundant in nature, influencing the scents, tastes, and
potentially even the medicinal benefits of many plants. Let’s have a look into the world of
terpenes to understand their significance.
First, let’s discuss what terpenes are and how they are made in nature.
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds that are produced by a variety of
plants, particularly conifers, and some insects. Terpenes are constructed from a basic five-
carbon unit known as isoprene. The biosynthesis of terpenes can be broken down into a series
of enzymatic reactions that transform acetyl-CoA, a fundamental metabolic molecule, into the
various terpene structures. Here’s a simplified overview of terpene biosynthesis:
In cannabis, terpenes are believed to interact synergistically with cannabinoids like THC and
CBD, a phenomenon known as the ‘entourage effect‘. This suggests that terpenes can enhance
or modulate the effects of cannabinoids, potentially offering additional therapeutic benefits.
Common Terpenes in Cannabis
While over 200 terpenes might be present in a single cannabis strain, here are some of the
most prominent ones:
Beyond cannabis, terpenes play a significant role in aromatherapy. Essential oils, which are
used for their therapeutic properties in aromatherapy, are rich in terpenes. For instance, the
linalool in lavender oil is known for its calming effects, while limonene in citrus oils might uplift
one’s mood.
Terpenes can be extracted from plants using methods like steam distillation or solvent
extraction. The patented extraction process used at Jersey Extraction Lab retains the terpenes
in cannabis. Once extracted, they find use in:
As the cannabis industry evolves and research expands, there’s an increasing focus on terpene
profiles to create strains with specific effects or therapeutic benefits. Beyond cannabis, the
potential health benefits of terpenes might revolutionize sectors like aromatherapy, holistic
health, and even mainstream medicine.
Introduction: Trichomes are microscopic, hair-like structures found on the surface of plants. The word“trichome” is derived from the Greek word “trichoma,” which translates to “hair.” Whiletrichomes are found on various plants, they are particularly notable on the cannabis plant dueto their importance in determining its …
There has been much media attention in the past year on the role cannabis may have on thedevelopment of schizophrenia and affective disorders. Much of the coverage has been biased,and frankly, uniformed. Items such as “cannabis linked to mental illness” and “pot causesschizophrenia“ are plentiful …
Cannabis, a plant that has been used by humans for thousands of years, has garnered
significant attention in recent times due to its potential therapeutic benefits and recreational
use. Its relationship with anxiety, however, remains multifaceted.
Many people experience anxiety relief from consuming cannabis. However, in some individuals
in certain circumstances, cannabis can cause anxiety. It is always wise to start with a low dose,
and gradually increase it until the desired effect is obtained. As you can see from this article,
the data regarding this issue is sparse, and often contradictory. As is usually the case with
cannabis, more rigorous studies are needed.
References:
1: Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a
potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825-836.
2: Patel, S., Hillard, C. J., & Liu, Q. S. (2017). Endocannabinoid signaling in the amygdala:
anatomy, synaptic signaling, behavior, and adaptations to stress. Neuroscience, 338, 10-21.
3: Cuttler, C., Spradlin, A., & McLaughlin, R. J. (2018). A naturalistic examination of the
perceived effects of cannabis on negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 198-205.
4: D’Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., et al. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of
intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry,
61(8), 81-89.
5: Gunderson, E. W., Haughey, H. M., Ait-Daoud, N., Joshi, A. S., & Hart, C. L. (2013). “Spice” and
“K2” herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial
implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. The American Journal on Addictions,
22(3), 185-194.
6: Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. (2009). Therapeutical use of the cannabinoids in
psychiatry. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 32, 556-566.
7: Hillig, K. W., & Mahlberg, P. G. (2004). A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in
Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91(6), 966-975.
8: Loflin, M., Babson, K., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2017). Cannabinoids as therapeutic for PTSD.
Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 78-83.
9: Russo, E. B., Burnett, A., Hall, B., & Parker, K. K. (2005). Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at
5-HT1a receptors. Neurochemical Research, 30(8), 1037-1043.
10: Hart, C. L., van Gorp, W., Haney, M., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2001). Effects of
acute smoked marijuana on complex cognitive performance. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(5),
757-765.
11: Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry,
59(3), 478-492.
12: Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., et al. (2016). Tasty THC: Promises and challenges
of cannabis edibles. Methods Report, RTI Press.
CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) are the two most well-known cannabinoidspresent in the Cannabis plant. While THC is famous for its psychoactive properties – thecompound responsible for the “high” associated with marijuana – CBD is non-psychoactive andhas gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, …
In recent years, the conversation around cannabis and its various derivatives has dramaticallyshifted. From being predominantly associated with recreational use, cannabis has now madesignificant inroads into the medical and wellness communities. Two products that havecaptured a lot of attention are cannabis oil and CBD oil. …
Endocannabinoid: a complicated word. Let’s first break down the word, then move to its
meaning.
Endo-cannabin-oid
“Endo” is shorthand for ‘endogenous,’ which translates to naturally occurring compounds and
processes inside the human body. These are the natural internal neurotransmitters, like
dopamine or serotonin, or the endorphins produced to deal with pain. The main
endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG).
“Cannabin” refers to compounds that are present in cannabis. This is derived from the
biological classification of the mother plant as Cannabis Sativa.
“oid” means similar to.
So, Endocannabinoids are natural compounds in the body that act in ways similar to the plant
cannabinoids.
The ECS is a biochemical neuronal system that employs reverse synaptic signaling. Instead of
the normal talk between neurons which typically occurs in “one direction,” the
endocannabinoid system works in reverse. If a receiving neuron becomes overwhelmed by
incoming neurotransmitters, the ECS kicks in, telling the sending neuron to “chill out.”
Thus, it is method to modulate incoming synaptic signals. Say a neuron that is activated by
a neurotransmitter such as dopamine is deluged with a flood of dopamine. It may respond by
releasing endocannabinoids to mute the response. The endocannabinoids then act on the
sending neurons, signaling that the input is too much.
Several neurotransmitters have been identified. Anandamide and 2-
arachidonylglycerol are amongst them, and it is interesting that both the compounds are
derived from lipids in the membrane layer. These transmitters interact with the CB1 and
CB2 receptors, which then internally signal the receiving cell.
Primarily in the brain and in the immune system. Interestingly, the immune system is similar to
neuronal processes in that an “immunological synapse” forms between immune cells
to communicate perceived threats. Perhaps cannabinoids have an immune response that
complements the crosstalk between various immune cells. The role of the ECS here is still
being explored.
Delta-9 THC, and to a lesser extent the minor cannabinoids, interact with the CB1 receptor in
the brain, mimicking the natural endocannabinoids. Thus, cellular information exchange is
altered, producing the well-known psychoactive effects. The effects on the receptors in the
immune system is unknown, but under investigation.
Cannabidiol (CBD) also interacts with the endocannabinoid system, in ways that are only
beginning to be understood. It is an agonist for the CB2 receptor, and a partial inhibitor of the
CB1 receptor. As an inhibitor of CB1, CBD can modulate the effects of THC on this receptor. The
CB1 receptor, not the CB2 receptor, is responsible for the psychoactive effect. Thus, the
perceived effect of THC can be altered by co-administration of CBD.
Now we can dive into the PK of THC and CBD. PK is the study of how a compound is absorbed,
distributed around the body, metabolized and excreted. For example, a medicine that is
injected directly in the body is completely absorbed, thus it has 100% bioavailability. A
medicine that is taken orally has a bioavailability equal to the amount ingested divided by the
amount that makes it into systemic circulation. Same holds true for inhaled products.
Cannabis has lousy bioavailability. Inhaled, perhaps only 40% of the actives in the flower are
absorbed. The rest is burned during smoking, or exhaled as smoke.
Same holds true with vaping cannabis oil: you’re only getting, at max, a 50% dose.
The rest you blow out as vapor.
Now with edibles, the PK becomes even more complicated. For one, the THC must be
converted from THCA (decarb) before ingestion. THCA is unable to cross the blood brain barrier,
thus is simply passed via renal processes. (BUT the THCA will linger in you body for days,
triggering a positive urine drug screen).
I diverge.
Edibles have even worse bioavailability than inhalation. Taken on an empty stomach, the
absorption could be as little as zero. With a high fat meal, you can get close to 30% into the
bloodstream. The reason for this is that the cannabinoids are very fat-soluble compounds, and
have a hard time getting out the stomach without the assistance of fat in the stomach.
Recommendation: do not take THC orally on an empty stomach, feel nothing, eat some more,
then a few hours later eat dinner. Suddenly all that THC that has been sitting in your gut is
absorbed, and you get inebriated rather quickly.
This becomes even more complicated when THC and CBD are ingested together. While inhaled
CBD may modulate the THC high, with administration via ingestion, CBD can actually increase
the effects of THC. This is because CBD inhibits the metabolism of THC, increasing the THC
blood levels.
This is just published work, upon which I will expand in an upcoming blog post.
The cannabis plant produces a plethora of interesting and useful compounds, from CBD andTHC to the various terpenes. Why does it do this? What is in it for the plant? These are excellent questions, any while there are many theories, most are speculative. Let’s dosome …
Of all the so-called drugs, Marijuana has the distinction of having a strong odor, and is instantlyrecognizable pre or post smoking. The same is true of tobacco, some alcoholic beverages, andespecially coffee. Those products are legal however, and the odors are accepted by society. In …
What does chemistry have to do with Cannabis? Well, aside from the fact that all living things
depend on chemistry, the cannabis plant has its own fascinating chemistry. We will explore the
discovery of the compounds behind cannabis’ unique medical properties, discuss the discovery
of the endocannabinoid system and how the cannabinoids interact with it, then close with a
discussion of the opportunities available for professional chemists in the cannabis field.
Although cannabis has been used medicinally for thousands of years 1 , the cannabinoids THC
and CBD were only isolated in the 1940s 2 and the chemical structures was elucidated in 1964 by
the great Israeli chemist Raphael Mechoulam 3 . Mechoulam went on to prove that THC was the
active psychoactive component of cannabis and began the exploration of the endocannabinoid
system 4 .
This great scientist, who passed away in March of this year, deserved a Nobel Prize for his
seminal studies of a previously unknown neurotransmitter system.
Endocannabinoid: a complicated word. Let’s first break down the word, then move to its
meaning.
Endo-cannabin-oid
“Endo” is shorthand for ‘endogenous,’ which translates to naturally occurring compounds and
processes inside the human body.
“Cannabin” refers to compounds that are present in cannabis.
“oid” means similar to.
So, Endocannabinoids are natural compounds in the body that act in ways similar to the plant
cannabinoids.
The ECS is a biochemical neuronal system that employs reverse synaptic signaling. Instead of
the normal talk between neurons which typically occurs in “one direction,” the
endocannabinoid system works in reverse. If a receiving neuron becomes overwhelmed by
incoming neurotransmitters, the ECS kicks in, telling the sending neuron to “chill out 5 6 .”
Thus, it is method to modulate incoming synaptic signals. Say a neuron that is activated by
a neurotransmitter such as dopamine is deluged with a flood of dopamine. It may respond by
releasing endocannabinoids to mute the response. The endocannabinoids then act on the
sending neurons, signaling that the input is too much.
Several neurotransmitters have been identified 7 . Anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol are amongst them, and it is interesting that both the compounds are derived from lipids in the membrane layer. These transmitters interact with the CB1 and CB2 receptors, which then internally signal the receiving cell.
Primarily in the brain and in the immune system 8 . Interestingly, the immune system is similar to
neuronal processes in that an “immunological synapse” forms between immune cells
to communicate perceived threats. The role of the ECS here is still being explored.
Delta-9 THC, and to a lesser extent the minor cannabinoids, interact with the CB1 receptor in
the brain, mimicking the natural endocannabinoids. Thus, cellular information exchange is
altered, producing the well-known psychoactive effects. The effects on the receptors in the
immune system is unknown, but under investigation.
The processing of cannabis to make extracted products also is driven by chemistry. Aside from
rosin pressed material, which can’t be scaled, all extractions use a chemical. That may be a hydrocarbon, supercritical carbon dioxide, or an alcohol. I’m going to save the discussion of the merits and issues with each of these methods for a later date.
However, each of these methods require chemists. While there are internet surfers who think
they know what they are doing, without a chemistry background, most are clueless about the
physical processes they are performing. Our patented method for extraction was developed by
a professional chemist, and the results are evident.
There are many different roles for the professional chemist in the cannabis industry. From
working with growers, to extraction experts and especially analytical chemists, there is
opportunity for employment in a growing industry.
Sources:
1 J Exp Bot. 2008 Nov; 59(15): 4171–4182.
2 Bioorg Med Chem. 2015;23:1377–1385.
3 J Am Chem Soc. 1965;87:3273–3275.
4 Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147:S163–S171.
5 Mol Pharmacol. 1988;34:605–613.
6 Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833.
7 Science. 1992;258(5090):1946–1949.
8 J Neuroendocrinol. 2008 May;20 Suppl 1:10-4.
The cannabis plant, with its intricate blend of compounds and variety of strains, has been used both medicinally and recreationally for centuries. As the global perspective on cannabis shifts and its use becomes more widespread, it’s crucial to understand the nuances and differences between these …
Introduction Cannabis sativa contains over 100 cannabinoids, with Delta-9 THC being the primarypsychoactive component responsible for the “high” associated with marijuana consumption. Inrecent years, Delta-8 THC, an artificially produced isomer, has garnered attention as a cheap,easily available alternative to Delta-9 THC[1]. Delta-8 THC is produced …
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is arguably one of the most infamous and misunderstood compounds in the world of chemistry. It is the primary psychoactive component found in cannabis, responsible for the euphoria, altered perception, and the sensation of being “high” that many associate with marijuana use. Beyond its recreational use, THC has garnered significant attention in the scientific community due to its potential medicinal properties and its complex interactions with the human body. In this in-depth article, we will explore the multifaceted world of THC, examining its history, chemistry, pharmacology, and both the therapeutic and recreational aspects associated with it.
The history of THC is closely intertwined with the history of cannabis itself. Cannabis, one of the oldest cultivated plants, has been used for thousands of years for various purposes, including medicinal, industrial, and recreational. The earliest recorded use of cannabis dates back to ancient China around 2700 BCE, where it was primarily employed for its medicinal properties.
It wasn’t until the 20th century that THC was first isolated and identified as the compound responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. In 1964, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, an Israeli chemist, successfully isolated and synthesized THC, paving the way for further research into the compound’s properties and effects.
Tetrahydrocannabinol belongs to a group of compounds known as cannabinoids, which are unique to the cannabis plant. Its chemical structure consists of 21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms arranged in a complex ring system. This unique structure gives THC its psychoactive properties by interacting with specific receptors in the human brain.
THC primarily interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and enzymes found throughout the human body. In the ECS, THC binds to cannabinoid receptors, primarily CB1 and CB2 receptors, although it has a higher affinity for CB1 receptors. This interaction triggers a cascade of physiological responses, leading to the characteristic effects of THC, such as altered perception, mood changes, and increased appetite.
THC’s psychoactive effects are a result of its interaction with CB1 receptors in the brain, which are primarily located in areas associated with memory, mood, and perception. When THC binds to these receptors, it disrupts the normal functioning of neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate, leading to the characteristic “high” experienced by users.
Beyond its psychoactive properties, THC also has a range of potential therapeutic effects. Research has shown that THC may help with pain relief, nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, muscle spasms in conditions like multiple sclerosis, and appetite stimulation in patients with wasting syndromes. However, these therapeutic effects are still a subject of ongoing research, and the legal status of THC varies widely across different regions.
The recreational use of THC is perhaps the most well-known aspect of the compound. People have been using cannabis for its psychoactive effects for centuries, often for relaxation, creativity, or as a social activity. The potency of THC in cannabis products has increased significantly over the years, thanks to advances in cultivation and extraction techniques, which has led to stronger and more predictable experiences for users. Americans are overwhelming in support of legalizing THC, but the politicians are behind the times.
THC’s potential medical applications have garnered increasing attention in recent years, especially in the context of the growing acceptance of cannabis for medical purposes. Some of the conditions for which THC-based medications are being explored include chronic pain, epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and cancer-related symptoms.
Despite its potential benefits, the use of THC in medicine faces several challenges. These include the need for more rigorous clinical trials to establish safety and efficacy, concerns about side effects and addiction, and legal barriers to research and access in many regions.
The legal barriers in place have made research into cannabis and THC very difficult. It was a classic Catch 22 situation: more research was demanded, but that research was considered illegal (unless a researcher jumped through multiple hoops, and agreed to use inferior government produced cannabis. That has begun to change, as more states are allowing research, and the federal government seems to be more accommodative. The badly needed research will help answer the many questions that still surround THC.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a complex and multifaceted compound with a rich history, intriguing chemistry, and a wide range of potential effects on the human body and mind. From its ancient roots in traditional medicine to its current status as a widely debated substance, THC continues to captivate researchers, policymakers, and the public alike.
Ongoing research will undoubtedly shed more light on the intricate interactions between THC and the human body, potentially unlocking new possibilities for both medical treatment and responsible recreational use.
1 J Exp Bot. 2008 Nov; 59(15): 4171–4182
2 J Am Chem Soc. 1965;87:3273–3275.
3 Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147:S163–S171
Introduction Cannabis, a versatile plant with a long history of human use, contains over 100 differentcompounds known as cannabinoids. These compounds interact with the body’sendocannabinoid system, influencing various physiological processes. While there arenumerous cannabinoids, a few major ones have gained significant attention due to theirpotential …
As discussed previously, we are a Mom and Pop shop, with a strict focus on science. We aretotally different than the large players who have entered the state, and that extends to ourphilosophy and methods. We employ patented and proprietary processes for our cannabisextraction, and …
Most Americans (and Brits) don’t like, and don’t understand the metric system. To them, it’s a
confusing way to change the normative way (the Imperial System) we measure things. It is an
understandable position: nobody who was ingrained with miles, pounds, and gallons would
welcome any other way of measuring things. Except there is a better way, the scientific way:
the metric system.
Why is the metric system superior? For one, it is based on the decimal system, meaning base
ten. So, all metric measurements are divisible by ten, making conversions between units very
easy. Compare measuring out one gallon of water vs one liter of the same. Let’s say you need
1/7 of that water for a cooking recipe. Well, 1/7 of a liter is 0.143 L, while 1/7 of a gallon is also
0.143 gallons. Now it gets tricky in the “Imperial system.” One gallon equals 128 oz (how many
of you know that??), so 1/7 of a gallon is 18.3 oz, or if you want, 1.14 pints, or 2.28 cups. Does
that make any sense? A gallon split in 7 can be variously called 18.3 oz, 1.15 pints or 2.28 cups.
One liter split into 7 is 0.143 L. No silly conversions to the kitchen measurements of cups and
pints. The beauty of the metric system is that all units are divisible by 10. Thus 1000 milliliters is
equal to 1 liter. Our liter split into 7 gives 0.143 L, or 143 mL. Very easy to calculate vs oz, pints,
and gallons.
One key feature of the metric system is how it correlates the measurements of mass and
volume and distance.
A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter. This is the distance measurement. The base unit of
grams measure mass. The two units are correlated by water such that one cubic centimeter of
water has a mass of 1 gram. There is additional magic. One cubic centimeter of water is by
definition 1 milliliter of water, which then is equal to a gram of water.
Thus: 1 ml of water = 1 gram water = 1 cubic centimeter of water. All three measurement units
(Mass, Volume and Distance) are thus connected.
Now compare to the Imperial system. 1 ounce of water does not equal on ounce of weight (and
to top it off there are several definitions of an ounce), and a cubic foot of water is 7.5 gallons.
No correlation of units. For a scientist, this mismatch of units, and the corrections needed to
perform calculations, make using the Imperial system untenable.
That’s why our products are measured in milliliters, and our concentrations expressed as
milligrams per milliliter.
Our THC oil has a density of about 1 g/cc, close to the value for water. 1 gram of oil is thus one
milliliter. This makes for easy calculations and equates to a 10 mg dose (of oil) equal to 10
microliters (there are 1000 microliters in a milliliter).
I hope this little blog will help folks understand cannabis dosing using the metric system.
NJ Assembly member Anthony Verrelli has introduced a Bill that would destroy the NJ regulatedcannabis market. The Bill, A2879, would establish THC potency limits on cannabis productsallowed to be produced and sold in NJ. Specifically, the Bill would prohibit flower containinggreater than 30% total THC …
Israel and Australia are at the forefront of medical cannabis research. Israel has a long history ofcannabis research, and the father of modern cannabis science, Raphael Mechoulem, conductedhis ground-breaking discoveries of the cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in Israel.Australia has embraced cannabis as a medicine, …